02-043 · EVIDENCE A · SOURCE-SENSITIVE
Discuss bothersome menopause symptoms with a clinician; do not self-medicate or use hormones to prevent heart disease
绝经前后潮热盗汗影响到生活,就去妇科评估激素治疗,别硬扛也别自己买药,更别拿它防心脏病
A clinical visit and follow-up are required; treatment suitability depends on medical history and personal risks.
Hormone therapy reduced hot-flash frequency in trials, while some serious risks increased. Long-term trial data did not show an overall mortality benefit, and therapy is not recommended to prevent chronic disease.
A
Move “Discuss bothersome menopause symptoms with a clinician; do not self-medicate or use hormones to prevent heart disease” to Future Me's calendar
The excuse
One more exception feels free because the bill arrives outside the current scene.
What feels good now
Today I keep a little money, a few minutes and avoid interrupting my default routine.
What the source says
The source summarizes the return this way: “Hormone therapy reduced hot-flash frequency in trials, while some serious risks increased. Long-term trial data did not show an overall mortality benefit, and therapy is not recommended to prevent chronic disease.” Evidence grade A. The original states the population, caveats, and sources; this is not a personal forecast.
Use the original facts and limits. For an urgent medical, safety, financial, or legal issue, contact a qualified local professional or service.
THE ENGLISH EDITION
Original recommendation and evidence
43. Discuss bothersome menopause symptoms with a clinician; do not self-medicate or use hormones to prevent heart disease
Cost: A clinical visit and follow-up are required; treatment suitability depends on medical history and personal risks.
In plain terms: Hormone therapy reduced hot-flash frequency in trials, while some serious risks increased. Long-term trial data did not show an overall mortality benefit, and therapy is not recommended to prevent chronic disease.
Applicability and limits: The trial population and regimens differ from many people seeking symptom relief today. A clinician should assess individual benefits, contraindications, and alternatives.
Translation note: This concise English edition was prepared for this site; the full Chinese source and its original evidence remain available below.
Source links
- MacLennan AH, Broadbent JL, Lester S, Moore V (2004). Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flushes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD002978. ↗
- Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators, Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, 等 (2002). Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 288(3), 321-333. ↗
- Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, 等 (2013). Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA, 310(13), 1353-1368. ↗
- Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, 等 (2017). Menopausal hormone therapy and long-term all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA, 318(10), 927-938. ↗
- Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, 等 (2017). Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), CD004143. ↗
- US Preventive Services Task Force, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, 等 (2022). Hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA, 328(17), 1740-1746. ↗
- Pinned original chapter on GitHub ↗
Read the complete Chinese source and notes
43. 绝经前后潮热盗汗影响到生活,就去妇科评估激素治疗,别硬扛也别自己买药,更别拿它防心脏病
成本: 去妇科或更年期门诊看一次。医生会问病史,看你有没有不适合用激素的情况,合适的再开处方。用上以后要按医生的要求复查。难在放下「激素一碰就得癌」的害怕,也别听说能抗衰老就自己去买。
说人话: 绝经前后潮热、盗汗,用激素治疗,潮热次数比吃安慰剂少约 75%。代价是乳腺癌、血栓、中风会多一点,每年每 1 万名女性里各多出约 8 个人。50 到 59 岁开始用的人,总死亡率没有升高。它不能用来防心脏病和老年痴呆。
收益: Cochrane 汇总了 24 项随机试验、3329 人,比的是口服激素和安慰剂。用激素的人,每周潮热次数比安慰剂少约 75%(95% CI 64.3–82.3,可信范围)。潮热的严重程度也明显减轻(OR 0.13,0.07–0.23)。吃安慰剂的人潮热也少了约 57.7%,所以说能治潮热的东西,都要和安慰剂比过才算数。风险看美国 WHI 随机试验。16608 名有子宫的 50 到 79 岁女性,用雌激素加孕激素,平均跟了 5.2 年。冠心病高约 29%(HR 1.29,1.02–1.63)。浸润性乳腺癌高约 26%(HR 1.26,1.00–1.59)。中风高约 41%(HR 1.41,1.07–1.85)。肺栓塞约为 2.13 倍(HR 2.13,1.39–3.25)。折成绝对数,每 1 万名女性每年多 7 例冠心病、8 例中风、8 例肺栓塞、8 例浸润性乳腺癌。同时少 6 例结直肠癌、5 例髋部骨折。切除了子宫、只用雌激素的女性,累计跟踪 13 年,乳腺癌反而低约 21%(HR 0.79,0.65–0.97)。两项试验合起来跟踪 18 年,总死亡率没有变化(HR 0.99,0.94–1.03)。按开始用药的年龄分,50 到 59 岁那组在用药那几年总死亡率低约 31%(HR 0.69,0.51–0.94)。60 到 69 岁是 1.04(0.87–1.25),70 到 79 岁是 1.13(0.94–1.36),都不显著。跟到 18 年,50 到 59 岁那组是 0.89(0.79–1.01),也不显著了。Cochrane 2017 年的综述单看 50 到 59 岁的女性,唯一明显升高的是雌孕激素联用时的血栓,绝对风险不到 1/500。65 岁以上用雌孕激素联用的女性,4 年里痴呆从每千人 9 例升到 11 到 30 例。美国预防服务工作组 2022 年反对用激素预防慢性病(D 级推荐),结论是没有净好处。
证据等级: A
来源: MacLennan AH, Broadbent JL, Lester S, Moore V (2004). Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flushes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD002978. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002978.pub2>;Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators, Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, 等 (2002). Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 288(3), 321-333. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.3.321>;Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, 等 (2013). Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA, 310(13), 1353-1368. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278040>;Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, 等 (2017). Menopausal hormone therapy and long-term all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA, 318(10), 927-938. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.11217>;Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, 等 (2017). Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), CD004143. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub5>;US Preventive Services Task Force, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, 等 (2022). Hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA, 328(17), 1740-1746. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.18625>
备注: 争议:WHI 的女性平均 63 岁,用的是一种固定的口服方案。现在多数人是 50 来岁、刚绝经时为了症状才用,和试验里的人不完全一样。50 到 59 岁那组死亡率低,是分年龄组看出来的,跟到 18 年就不显著了,所以不能说激素能延寿。Cochrane 也写明,试验的规模不够看清绝经 10 年内女性的风险。下面几类人一般不适合用:得过乳腺癌的、有过血栓的、心血管病风险高的、很胖的,具体由医生判断。有子宫的人只用雌激素,子宫内膜癌会增加,所以要同时用孕激素;切了子宫的才可以只用雌激素。激素也能减少骨折,但一般只在不适合用别的抗骨质疏松药时才考虑。骨质疏松先看第 1 节第 39 条(骨密度检查)和第 1 节第 40 条(查出骨质疏松就用药)。收益量级按潮热次数少约 75% 定为大,终点是症状,不是总死亡率。本条受益人主要是你自己,也包括你的母亲和配偶。
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